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Genomics Precision Diagnostic > Prenatal > Primary Microcephaly Precision Panel

Primary Microcephaly Precision Panel

Microcephaly is generally defined as a small head size, typically greater than two standard deviations below normal, as measured via occipital frontal circumference, using a measuring tape. Microcephaly is a clinical sign and not a disease.
Overview
Indication
Clinical Utility
Genes & Diseases
Methodology
References

Overview

  • Microcephaly is generally defined as a small head size, typically greater than two standard deviations below normal, as measured via occipital frontal circumference, using a measuring tape. Microcephaly is a clinical sign and not a disease. It is a result of a premature fusion of the skull sutures that leads to an abnormal shape and a growth limitation of the head circumference that can later result in long term neurological sequelae. The cause of microcephaly can be divided in two groups: premature fusion of cranial sutures, also known as craniosynostosis or poor brain growth. Genetic conditions are one of the etiologies of microcephaly and include: Trisomy 21, 13, 18, Cri Du Chat syndrome, Williams syndrome etc. Also, inborn errors of metabolism, disruptive injuries and maternal deprivation problems can lead to microcephaly. Primary microcephaly is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.  
  • The Igenomix Primary Microcephaly Precision Panel  can be as a diagnostic tool to reveal underlying genetic conditions ultimately leading to a better management and prognosis of the disease. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the genes involved in this disease using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to fully understand the spectrum of relevant genes involved, and their high or intermediate penetrance. 

Indication

  • The Igenomix Primary Microcephaly Precision Panel is indicated in those cases where there is:  
    • Head circumference more than 2 standard deviations below the mean 
    • Consistent low percentile of head circumference ultrasound measurements during pregnancy 
    • Associated syndromic features: congenital heart defects, umbilical hernia, hypotonia, low set ears, short neck, overlapping fingers, micrognathia, polydactyly etc  

Clinical Utility

The clinical utility of this panel is: 

  • The genetic and molecular diagnosis for an accurate clinical diagnosis of microcephaly as well as underlying genetic conditions.  
  • Early initiation of treatment with a multidisciplinary team for appropriate surveillance, surgical care and long-term monitoring to ensure proper cerebral and cranial growth.
  • Risk assessment and genetic counselling of asymptomatic family members according to the mode of inheritance. 
  • Improved pathways from diagnosis to treatment in susceptible populations.

Genes & Diseases

Methodology

References

See scientific referrals

Shaheen, R., Maddirevula, S., Ewida, N., Alsahli, S., Abdel-Salam, G., Zaki, M. S., Tala, S. A., Alhashem, A., Softah, A., Al-Owain, M., Alazami, A. M., Abadel, B., Patel, N., Al-Sheddi, T., Alomar, R., Alobeid, E., Ibrahim, N., Hashem, M., Abdulwahab, F., Hamad, M., … Alkuraya, F. S. (2019). Genomic and phenotypic delineation of congenital microcephaly. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics, 21(3), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-018-0140-3 

Vargas, J., Allred, E., Leviton, A., & Holmes, L. (2001). Congenital microcephaly: Phenotypic features in a consecutive sample of newborn infants. The Journal Of Pediatrics, 139(2), 210-214. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.115314 

Ashwal, S., Michelson, D., Plawner, L., & Dobyns, W. (2009). Practice Parameter: Evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 73(11), 887-897. doi: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b783f7 

Selected Birth Defects Data from Population-based Birth Defects Surveillance Programs in the United States, 2003-2007. (2010). Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical And Molecular Teratology, 88(12), 1062-1174. doi: 10.1002/bdra.20760 

Passemard, S., Kaindl, A. M., & Verloes, A. (2013). Microcephaly. Handbook of clinical neurology, 111, 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00013-0 

Mochida G. H. (2009). Genetics and biology of microcephaly and lissencephaly. Seminars in pediatric neurology, 16(3), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2009.07.001 

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